Chemical Engineering @ChemengFiles.Com

Company : Total France
Contract : permanent position
Branch : Refining Marketing
Location : Worldwide - Europe - Asia - Middle East Interviews will
take place in : Paris La Défense
Starting date : As soon as possible
Salary : According to profile and experience

A major project for refining, the Jubail refinery will be the largest of the Group with a capacity to process 400,000 barrels/day.

Company : Total France
Contract : permanent position
Branch : Refining Marketing
Location : Worldwide - Europe - Asia - Middle East Interviews will
take place in : Paris La Défense
Starting date : As soon as possible
Salary : According to profile and experience

A major project for refining, the Jubail refinery will be the largest of the Group with a capacity to process 400,000 barrels/day.

Due to the fact that perchloric acid resembles sulfuric acid in many respects without having many of the disadvantages of use possessed by the latter, the devising of a cheaper means of producing it would be well warranted by its increased use in both analytical and industrial work. The present work was undertaken with the above idea in view and consisted in studying quantitatively the reaction taking place between nitric oxide (NO), nitric acid, and ammonium perchlorate.

Anhydrous perchloric acid is an unstable compound, decomposing spontaneously after a few weeks even when kept in the dark. It is a violently reacting oxidizing agent for many organic substances but aqueous solutions of the acid are not affected by light and are not active oxidizing agents.

Perchloric acid solutions (60% strength being the standard commercial form of the acid) are strong, mono-basic solutions which are stable up to the 60% strength and have high boiling points. The salts which the acid forms are nearly all soluble, the potassium, rubidium, caesium and thallium perchlorates being the only ones which are only slightly soluble. This would recommend it over sulfuric acid in many cases where insoluble salts of the latter prevent its use or cause it to seriously interfere on this account in analytical determinations. Also the difference in the solubilities of the potassium and sodium salts permits an easy separation of the perchlorates of these two metals. The maximum boiling point of aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure is 203° C., which corresponds to a constant boiling mixture having a perchloric acid content of 72.3%. Below 160°C. the distillate contains less than 1% of perchloric acid. Most perchlorates are deliquescent except ammonium, potassium, lead and mercury salts.

There have been a number of processes devised for the production of perchloric acid, some of which are only of theoretical importance, but the following methods are the ones which have been used to some extent commercially:

Due to the fact that perchloric acid resembles sulfuric acid in many respects without having many of the disadvantages of use possessed by the latter, the devising of a cheaper means of producing it would be well warranted by its increased use in both analytical and industrial work. The present work was undertaken with the above idea in view and consisted in studying quantitatively the reaction taking place between nitric oxide (NO), nitric acid, and ammonium perchlorate.

Anhydrous perchloric acid is an unstable compound, decomposing spontaneously after a few weeks even when kept in the dark. It is a violently reacting oxidizing agent for many organic substances but aqueous solutions of the acid are not affected by light and are not active oxidizing agents.

Perchloric acid solutions (60% strength being the standard commercial form of the acid) are strong, mono-basic solutions which are stable up to the 60% strength and have high boiling points. The salts which the acid forms are nearly all soluble, the potassium, rubidium, caesium and thallium perchlorates being the only ones which are only slightly soluble. This would recommend it over sulfuric acid in many cases where insoluble salts of the latter prevent its use or cause it to seriously interfere on this account in analytical determinations. Also the difference in the solubilities of the potassium and sodium salts permits an easy separation of the perchlorates of these two metals. The maximum boiling point of aqueous solutions at atmospheric pressure is 203° C., which corresponds to a constant boiling mixture having a perchloric acid content of 72.3%. Below 160°C. the distillate contains less than 1% of perchloric acid. Most perchlorates are deliquescent except ammonium, potassium, lead and mercury salts.

There have been a number of processes devised for the production of perchloric acid, some of which are only of theoretical importance, but the following methods are the ones which have been used to some extent commercially:

Researchers at the Neurosciences Institute (Joint Council for Scientific Research, CSIC, and Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche) have discovered the role of omega-unsaturated fatty acids in the development of some degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. The work, published in Neuron, is the result of a collaboration
between United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Slovenia and Spain.

The omega-unsaturated fatty acids are part of the lipids constituting the cell membranes and are released when these lipids are degraded. Known to be beneficial in the diet and have cardioprotective functions, although until now, when it has been shown to trigger neurotransmission, did not know what exactly his role in the nervous system.

Researchers at the Neurosciences Institute (Joint Council for Scientific Research, CSIC, and Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche) have discovered the role of omega-unsaturated fatty acids in the development of some degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. The work, published in Neuron, is the result of a collaboration
between United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Slovenia and Spain.

The omega-unsaturated fatty acids are part of the lipids constituting the cell membranes and are released when these lipids are degraded. Known to be beneficial in the diet and have cardioprotective functions, although until now, when it has been shown to trigger neurotransmission, did not know what exactly his role in the nervous system.